A HPLC/ESI-MS method developed and validated to evaluate the quantity, identity, and stability of the alkylamides in ethanolic extracts of Spilanthes acmella

"In order to evaluate the efficacy of herbal drugs, there need to be ways to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the constituents and their concentrations in various products. Spilanthes is a popular herbal extract which is used traditionally to treat stammering, stomatistis, and throat complaints. Spilanthes is commonly referred to as the "toothache plant," a name that refers to the analgesic action of its alkylamide constituents. A high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) method was developed to evaluate the quantity, identity, and stability of the alkylamides in ethanolic extracts of Spilanthes acmella. The developed method was then subjected to method validation according to guidelines given by the International Committee of Harmonisation (ICH) section Q2 (R1). The linear dynamic range for the method was determined to be 0.45 uM- 450 uM. The method detection limit and quantitation limit were estimated at 0.27 uM and 0.45 uM, respectively. The method precision was evaluated on two levels: repeatability and intermediate precision and was 6% or less. The method proves valuable for the quantitation and identification of the alkylamide spilanthol in S. acmella. Eight additional alkylamides have been tentatively identified (based on molecular weight and fragmentation patterns) in a 75% ethanol extract of S. acmella. The structure of the most abundant of these alkylamides, (2E,6Z,8E)-N-isobutyl-2,6,8-decatrienamide, spilanthol, was confirmed by NMR. The spilanthol concentration in the extract shows no significant degradation during storage over six and a half months at room temperature, -20°C, and -80°C. Spilanthes extract and isolated spilanthol showed no antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus."--Abstract from author supplied metadata

Larvicidal effect of hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of Acmella oleracea L. R. K. Jansen in Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus.

Mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, are important vectors of diseases, such as dengue fever, chikungunya fever, Zika virus, and filariasis, and these diseases are public health problems. The present study was carried out to evaluate the larvicidal activity of the hydroethanolic extract from leaves of Acmella oleracea leaves against 3rd instar larvae of the Ae. aegypti dengue vector and the Cx. quinquefasciatus filariasis vector. The hydroethanolic extract caused significant mortality in Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. After 24 h of exposure to the extract, it was possible to establish the LC50 values for the extract: 11.41 ppm for Ae. aegypti and LC50 32.40 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus. The hydroethanolic extract from leaves of A. oleracea showed very low ecotoxicity suggesting that it can be used without causing environmental damage. This is the first study that shows the use of hydroethanolic extract from leaves of A. oleracea as an alternative to synthetic larvicides to eliminate larvae of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus in an easy, cheap and safe way

Global use of ethnomedicinal plants to treat toothache

Background: Toothache is one of the most common global health problems, and medicinal plants are widely used to relieve the associated pain and inflammation. Several studies have been conducted on the use of plants to treat toothache, but no study has comprehensively assessed the types of plants and the mechanisms of action of the phytochemical compounds involved in their analgesic effect. This review aims to bridge this gap. Highlights: This is the first review to collect a large volume of data on the global use of medicinal plants used in the treatment of toothache. It presents the relevant information for dentists, researchers, and academics on using meGabriela Elizadicinal plants to treat toothache. We found that preclinical studies and state-of-the-art technology hold promise for furthering our knowledge of this important topic. Conclusion: In total, 21 species of medicinal plants used to treat toothache were found in America, 29 in Europe, 192 in Africa, 112 in Asia, and 10 in Oceania. The most common species were Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Acmella oleracea, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypiifolia, and Syzygium aromaticum. The most commonly found family of medicinal plants was Asteraceae, followed by Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae, and Myrtaceae. The most common phytochemicals found were flavonoids, terpenes, polyphenols, and alkaloids. The reported mechanisms of action involved in toothache analgesia were antioxidant effects, effects mediated by transient receptor potential channels, the γ-aminobutyric acid mechanism, and the cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase anti-inflammatory mechanism.Especialista en EndodonciaCuenc

Evaluation Of Factors Affecting The Cell Suspension Cultures And The Production Of Bioactive Compounds Of Spilanthes Acmella L

In this study, five lines of the callus culture were established from the petioles of Spilanthes acmella L. The culture was initiated on callus induction medium, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D. The petiole explants were also cultured on MS medium with 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D and different concentrations of picloram (0.0 – 2.0 mg/L). Callus initiated on the medium with the presence of picloram induced lesser callus when compared with the callus initiated with only 2, 4-D. Compact and granular calluses were continuously produced with each subculture cycle

Inside ticks

Escrito inteiramente em inglês, o presente livro foi concebido por especialistas em morfologia pertencentes à Central Brasileira de Estudos em Morfologia de Carrapatos (BCSTM) da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Rio Claro (SP). O objetivo é esclarecer a morfo-histologia do carrapato, por meio de uma compilação de estudos sobre técnicas histológicas e histoquímicas; biologia, morfologia e taxonomia das principais espécies de carrapatos estudadas histologicamente; histologia de órgãos de carrapato, técnicas histológicas aplicadas para analisar os efeitos acaricidas em órgãos de carrapatos; e novas perspectivas sobre glândulas salivares de carrapatos para seleção de compostos com propriedades farmacológicas. Os capítulos são complementados por ilustrações

Extraction of spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae with supercritical carbon dioxide

Orientadores: Frederico Guare Cruz, Martin Aznar, Silvio Alexandre Beisl Vieria de MeloTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuimicaResumo: Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae, populannente conhecida como jambu, é uma erva típica da região norte do Brasil, onde faz parte de pratos da culinária local. Na medicina popular é utilizada no tratamento de afecções da boca e garganta e como analgésico para dores de dentes. Na indústria, extratos deste gênero têm sido utilizados em produtos de higiene oral e em composições alimentícias como agente refrescante e aromatizante. Recentemente vem sendo utilizado em composições cosméticas como agente anti-sinais de envelhecimento, entre outros. Estas propriedades são atribuídas à presença de uma alcamida alifática denominada espilantol. Os processos convencionais para extrair o espilantol de espécies vegetais nonnalmente utilizam solventes orgânicos. Estes processos são inadequados em vários aspectos como, por exemplo, utilização de temperaturas elevadas no processamento, necessidade de etapas adicionais de purificação; baixa seletividade, entre outros. Nesse contexto, a tecnologia de extração com fluido supercrítico aparece como uma alternativa extremamente promissora para a obtenção do extrato de jambu. O objetivo dessa tese foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica e fmanceira da extração de espilantol da planta Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae utilizando como solvente o dióxido de carbono supercrítico a temperaturas entre 40 e 60 De e pressões entre 76 e 352 bar. Dados experimentais inéditos da cinética do processo de extração supercrítica foram gerados numa unidade de bancada em laboratório. Um bom equilíbrio entre recuperação de espilantol (em tomo de 70 a 80%.), teor de espilantol nos extratos (de 13 a 30%) e o aspecto do extrato (coloração variando de amarelo pálido a amarelo) foi obtido para densidades intennediárias do solvente supercrítico (400 a 700 kg/m3). Análises cromatográficas e por RMN indicaram a predominância de espilantol e material graxo de alto peso molecular nos extratos. O estudo preliminar de viabilidade financeira realizado através do cálculo do custo de manufatura do extrato e de indicadores econômicos, tais como a taxa interna de retomo, o tempo de retomo e o valor presente líquido, indicou que o preço de mercado do extrato de jambu pode absorver os custos da extração com fluido supercrítico com rentabilidade, segurança e liquidez. Palavras-chave: jambu, espilantol, fluido supercrítico, extração, Spilanthes oleraceae, Spilanthes acmella, isobutilamida, alcamida, análise financeiraAbstract: Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae, known as "jambu", is a typical herb from north of Brazil, where it is used in the local cuisine. In the folk medicine, it is employed as an analgesic for toothache and for throat and mouth complaints. In industry, the extract from jambu has been utilized in oral care and food compositions as a flavor and refresher. In cosmetics compositions it has been recendy used as anti-ageing active ingredient, among others applications. These properties are attributed to the presence of an aliphatic alkamide called spilanthol. The traditional process for extraction of spilanthol from plant material usually uses organic solvents. This process has disadvantages in several ways, for example, high operation temperature, need of additional purification process, low selectivity, among others. In this context, the supercritical fluid technology emerges as an extremely hopeful alternative to this processo The aim of this work is the assessment of the technical and economical feasibility of extraction of spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent in the temperature range of 40-60°C and pressure range of 76-352 bar. There is no information in literature about supercritical extraction kinetic behavior for this system and new experimental data on this behavior was measured in a bench scale extraction unit. Good results for spilanthol recover (around 70 to 80%), spilanthol concentration in the extracts (13 to 30%) and organoleptic characteristics, 'as color extract (pale yellow to yellow), that is more convenient for industrial application, were obtained for supercritical solvent densities in the range of 400 to 700 kg/m3. Chromatographic and Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance (NMR) analysis indicated the predominance of spilanthol and heavy hydrocarbons in the extracts. The preliminary economical feasibility study, carried out through the manufacture cost of extract and economical indexes (internal rate of retum, payback period, net present value), indicated that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella var oleraceae is feasibleDoutoradoEngenharia de ProcessosDoutor em Engenharia Químic

Study of Essential Oils Obtained from Tropical Plants Grown in Colombia

Researchers from several Colombian universities have joined efforts for over 15 years to characterize the composition and biological properties of more than a thousand samples of essential oils (EOs) obtained from aromatic plants collected during at least 30 botanical outings in different regions of Colombia. This chapter presents a brief description of essential oil extraction and chemical characterization techniques, followed by a representative list of references to publications on EO composition obtained from tropical aromatic plants that grow in Colombia. Opportunities for the development of interesting products for the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, hygiene, and food industries are illustrated with a few selected works on the evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antiviral, antigenotoxic activities, and repellence of these essential oils

Monografias de Plantas Medicinais Brasileiras e Aclimatadas

O presente volume contém monografias completas de 11 plantas medicinais amplamente empregadas no país, sendo apenas duas exóticas. Nenhuma dessas espécies possui monografia farmacopeica nas seis edições já publicadas da Farmacopeia Brasileira; portanto, é significativa a contribuição desta obra para o desenvolvimento de fitoterápicos, importantes para a Atenção Primária à Saúde, principalmente quando se considera que 82% da população brasileira utiliza produtos à base de plantas medicinais